THE REALITY OF MASS
If we assume that the expansion of the Universe is the result of expanding medium, then constituents of the medium are either inflating or forming voids. Since molecular matter is made up of atoms, which are in turn made of even smaller particles, it is reasonable to assume that those particles have developed from even smaller particles, which make up the medium.
The problem which faces this line or argument is the incorporation of mass into the medium. However, since the nature of mass remains unknown, we shall assume that the basic particles from which subatomic particles develop are mass-less. The question which then arises is: how can a medium of mass-less particles give rise to matter particles? The answer to this question lies behind our understanding of what mass is.
If the proposed medium in the Universe is a continuum of mass-less particles, then either those particles inflate individually to develop mass, or alternatively acquire mass by virtue of some form of interaction. The former scenario, i.e., the inflationary particles, means that under any given set of local conditions only one type of particle can develop. This is clearly not in agreement with the reality of subatomic particles and therefore the idea maybe discarded. The later scenario seems more credible. However, any form of interaction between particles of the same nature in a continuum is inhibited in the absence of relative displacement between them. Therefore, mass is likely to be related to such relative displacement. The relative displacement of particles results in the development of voids between them and voids in a continuum are considered singularities. A singularity is nothing more than a discontinuity in a continuum. Therefore, mass is likely to be a void in a continuum of particles.
The kinetics needed to form and maintain voids in a continuum of particles depends on the properties of the particles and on the boundary conditions of the continuum (medium) as a whole. There are two ways in which voids can be formed and maintained within a continuum of particles of constant density. One way is that deformed particles develop and maintain spin speed; and the second way is through the development of local eddies (vortices). Maintaining such dynamics at a constant density requires highly responsive boundaries, so that the forming and collapse of voids can be accommodated without affecting the behaviour of the system.
Of course, voids other than the two types considered above can form if the particles sustain relative displacement, but at constant density such voids can not be maintained. Considering the first type of voids, namely, those due to deformed particles, the question which arises is: what would cause deformation and instigate spin in such particles? The answer to this question lies in the dynamics of the entire medium. If the particles are moving at different speeds, which they would do if the entire medium is in rotational motion, then they would impact each other eccentrically. They thus sustain deformation and develop spin. However, this can not explain the constancy of the mass of subatomic particles. It is therefore likely that deformation is not the result of impact, but is a consequence of spin. In other words, there is a relationship between a particle’s spin speed and its level of deformation. If there is a favourable spin speed which when a particle reaches it maintains, then that would explain the constancy of the voids (masses) of different subatomic particles. In effect, at high spin speeds it is likely that the particles transform into strings, and hence the string theories. Naturally, the size of the void generated depends upon the geometry and the spin speed of the particle. Like voids in a fluid, the voids generated in a medium of mass-less particles are subject to external pressure, which is manifest by the constant density maintained in the medium. On the other hand, the maintaining of favourable spin speeds is either a property of the particles or the result of containment of the particles in a medium which is subject to rotational motion or both.
Considering the second type of voids which can form in the medium, namely local eddies, it is possible to draw analogy with vortices in fluids. A deformed particle, which by virtue of the void it forms in the medium, is perceived as a matter particle, spinning at high speed in a continuum of particles it develops a tip vortex. A vortex in the medium is also perceived as a matter particle by virtue of the void it contains which is perceived as the particle's mass. Therefore, there are two types of matter particles, namely, hadrons and leptons.