From the above statement, it is clear that a proton can only be orbited by a single electron, which is a tip vortex generated by the proton by virtue of its spin in the medium. Naturally then, the direction of spin and rotation of U.P’s forming the electron is in the opposite direction to that of the proton, and hence their opposite polarity. An electron is effectively the amalgamated electric charge of a proton rolled up into a vortex instead of covering the surface of the void generated by the proton, and hence the apparent electric neutrality of molecular matter in the absence of ionisation. Electrons, as turbulent vortices in the medium, rotate in the same direction. Therefore, when they approach each other [lepton interaction], their U.P’s clash and consequently they repel. Thus they always maintain a distance between each other.

Given the proposed proton-electron arrangement, protons in a nucleus can only coexist in a stack spinning about a joint axis. The extent of deformation (manifold elongation) of different protons in such a stack, and hence the orbital radii of their electrons depends upon their location in the nucleus. The closer to the centre of the nucleus a proton is, the greater is the pressure it sustains, and hence the more elongation it undergoes. The difference in mass between an isolated proton and when in a multi-nucleon atom is taken to represent the nuclear binding energy. Since energy is defined as the motion of U.P’s, the difference in mass between an isolated proton and when in a multi-nucleon atom does in fact represent potential energy, because the potential to generate or eliminate a void in the medium is effectively a potential to generate motion in the U.P’s.

Given the existence of a repulsive force between electrons, the variation in proton deformation in different locations in a nucleus enables electrons to coexist around the atom. With increased number of nucleons in an atom protons are forced to sustain varying degrees of in-plane as well as lateral deflection in order to maintain clear distance between the electrons. The balancing of the repulsive force between electrons at the perimeter and the attraction force in the nucleus is the single most important particle interaction behind the existence of the Universe as we know it. This interaction is responsible for the formation of chemical elements other than hydrogen and all their isotopes and it represents the hidden reality behind Pauli’s Exclusion Principle.

Since electrons are vortices in the atom’s surroundings, the greater the distance between them, the greater is the stability of the protons in the nucleus. However, given the axial attraction between protons, alternate protons lose their effect in the medium and consequently lose their charges, i.e., their electrons. They become distinguished as neutrons. For U.P’s entering the nucleus under conditions of nuclear fusion, for example during the formation of helium, a U.P is entrapped between two protons acquires their spin speed to become a neutron. The presence of neutrons between protons isolates the protons from each other so that their electrons have sufficient clearance not to interfere with each other. Thus neutrons maintain the stability of the atom.

The reason that an isolated neutron measures slightly larger mass than an isolated proton is because of its slight difference in deformation due to lack of electric charge. The reality of neutrons can be inferred from the fact that a proton in the nucleus changes state to a neutron through the phenomenon of electron capture [view clip]. An electron capture suggests the break-up of the electron against the proton which results in the annihilation of the electron and the alteration of the proton deformation causing it to lose its effect in the surroundings. Thus, it becomes a neutron. A further confirmation of the reality of a neutron can be inferred from neutron decay. When a neutron is expelled from the nucleus, it decays into a proton which then forms an electron and the difference in mass between the proton and the neutron appears as a small void around which U.P’s rotate in the direction of the proton, i.e., an antineutrino. Therefore, in a free mode, i.e., outside of the atom, the proton represents the most stable form of baryons.

From the proposed arrangement of nucleons, it is clear that the addition of a nucleon to a nucleus causes it to become deeper. And since an electron has much greater depth than a proton (a single deformed U.P), the increase in the number of protons in a nucleus causes them to deflect lateral to the plane of spin. Protons at either end of a stack (nucleus) would naturally sustain the largest curvature. This is the reason behind the apparent reduction in the atomic radii of successive elements in each period in the periodic table. Therefore, with increased number of nucleons, atoms of successive elements within a period in the periodic table, change shape starting from an oblate they then begin to assume a donut shape until finally they become near spherical before collapsing back to an oblate. The addition of a further proton to a spherical atom introduces further pressure on the existing protons, which cause further elongation in the protons and thus result in increased distance between their electrons. Consequently they collapse towards the central plane of spin.

The hydrogen atom represents the most basic of atomic systems. It has a single proton orbited by an electron, which form a shallow oblate with a circular orbital plane. In helium, the radius of the atom decreases slightly from that of hydrogen, because the protons deflect away from the central neutron, but its depth increases resulting in a deeper geometry. With protons sandwiching a single neutron, the orbital radii of the electrons must, by symmetry be the same. The available surface area of a helium atom, owning to its small orbital radius, means that it can not accommodate any more electrons.  And although the atom can accept another neutron, which would push the electrons further apart, it can not accept another proton without a drastic alteration to its geometry in order to accommodate it. Therefore, the addition of a proton to a helium atom to form lithium causes imbalance in the geometry of the atom. The increased axial attraction between the nucleons leads to increased deformation of the central proton. With the central electron being at a much larger orbit, and the protons at either end deflected away from the central proton in opposite directions, the electrons can coexist in stable condition around the very shallow oblate void of the lithium atom. If the lithium atom is forced to maintain the same orbital radius as that of helium, it would become unstable. Its central proton loses its electron to become a neutron and the atom becomes a helium isotope.

From lithium, the overall volume of the atom has the capacity to absorb further nucleons culminating in neon. The neon atom can not support more electrons around its surface for its given volume. Thus, the addition of a proton to the neon atom causes it to collapse and form sodium. This process is repeated in each period. As the volume of atoms becomes significant, more nucleons can be accommodated to form new elements without much change in the overall radius of the atom, and hence the Lanthanide and Actinide series in the periodic table.

Unlike the currently adopted model of the atom, the concept behind the model presented here is that the atom is a multi-component system, the dynamics of which is maintained by the interaction between its components in a surrounding which dictates the atom’s behaviour.

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Physical Reality

 A New Perspective (3)

Whilst some signal frequencies are within the capacity of the human senses to grasp and transmit to the brain, other frequencies remain beyond direct human detection. Human sensory elements, like all sensors, can only detect signals, and the brain can only process signals, nothing else. Signals are effectively momentum transfer from one particle to another. Each of our senses is designed to pickup a range of signals from a different level of the structural assemblies within the space time continuum, e.g., quantum, subatomic, atomic or molecular level. Depending upon the level from which signals are picked up, we can see, hear, smell, test or touch. Therefore, what we perceive of physical existence including our physical beings is in reality events in colourless, soundless, odourless, tasteless and frictionless medium of particles. Those qualities and the quantities associated with them are representations in the mind. No doubt there is physical reality out there, but it is a reality which is different from what we perceive it to be. The way we perceive it is a construct of our own minds which is a function of how our minds have been configured. In effect, we could have been configured to perceive physical reality in other ways, but this is the way our minds are configured and we can do nothing about it.

We have thus far considered space, matter and energy. Space is represented by mass, which causes energy to develop as the motion of the massless particles permeating space. Here, we should make a distinction between space and the fabric of space. Mass is absolute space. It is space void of the fabric of space which is represented by the space-time continuum. We can immediately deduce that any void in the fabric of space is void of space as well as being void of time.

Time, in the inanimate physical world, exists by virtue of the existence of matter, because every particle of matter is a specific irreversible event (a process) which produces infinite irreversible quantum events as electromagnetic waves in the space-time continuum. Each event in this sea of particles of space-time produces infinite dynamic response in the surroundings. The response at each particle becomes an event in its own right leading to more responses and to more events. Those events shape the present at each and every location in the Universe and the responses they induce propagate to shape the future at each locality as they meet and continue to propagate. While quantum events appear reversible, they only appear so on a local level. On a global level, quantum events induced by matter are irreversible and no quantum state involving matter on a global scale can ever be reinstated. In contrast, time as we perceive it in consciousness exists irrespective of the existence of matter. The description of time in relation to consciousness is not so straight forward as it is in relation to matter. It involves digging into the nature of human perception. It is the subject of a couple of sections in chapter 8 in the book titled Physical Reality, by A R Tresh.

The true nature of the particle constituents of the fabric of space, from which all matter including our physical beings are made is unlikely to ever be known, because there is nothing to compare it to. Whereas we can compare one type of atom to another or one type of subatomic particle to another, the basic constituents of physical reality have no variety to compare. Therefore, physical reality at the quantum level is likely to always be mysterious. However, the greater mystery is the coming together of multitudes of those quantum elements of reality as various events in the form of atoms to construct multitudes of cells which can selectively utilise atoms from the surroundings to construct a structure of utmost complexity, with the necessary ancillary systems, which ultimately house the greatest mystery of all, consciousness. In time, consciousness takes control of that complex structure instructing it as it desires in order to further its aims, for a while.

The Nature of

Virtual Reality (1)

Continued....(2)